One Sample T Hypothesis Test (Student’s T-Test)

One Sample T-Tests (Student’s T-Test) are used to resolve Hypothesis tests around comparing process means. The underlying chart makes use of the T-distribution.

Student’s T-distribution leverages the T-distribution and is used for finding confidence intervals for the population mean when the sample size is less than 30, and the population Standard Deviation is unknown. 

What is a One Sample T Hypothesis Test?

The One Sample T Hypothesis Test (Student’s T-Test) allows one to compare the (small) population mean to some hypothesized value or one sample mean to determine if they are significantly different.

For example, if we know the average weight of chickens on a farm is 3lb, and compare the average weight of sample black hens to the population mean value.

When Would You Use a One Sample T Hypothesis Test?

One sample T-Test is a type of parametric test because the assumption is samples are randomly distributed. It tests whether the sample mean is significantly different than a population mean when the standard deviation of the population is unknown. Hence, a T-Test is used when the population standard deviation is unknown, and the sample size is below 30. Otherwise, use Z-test (for known variance).

Assumptions of One Sample T Hypothesis Test

• Data is continuous and quantitative at the scale level (in other words, data in ratio or interval).
• The sample should be randomly selected from the population.
• Samples are independent of each other.
• Data should follow a normal probability distribution.
• Assumes it doesn’t have extreme outliers in the dependent variable.

One Sample T Hypothesis test formula

• Where
  • x̅ is observed sample mean
  • μ₀ is the population mean
  • s is the sample Standard Deviation
  • n is the number of observations in the sample

Steps to Calculate One Sample T Hypothesis Test

• State the claim of the test and determine the Null Hypothesis and Alternative Hypothesis.
• Determine the level of significance.
• Calculate degrees of freedom.
• Find the critical value.
• Calculate the test statistics.
• Make a decision, the Null Hypothesis will be rejected if the test statistic is in the rejection region.
• Finally, interpret the decision in the context of the original claim.

One Sample T-Test Hypothesis

Null Hypothesis (H₀): The difference between the population mean and the hypothesized value is equal to zero.

Alternative Hypothesis (H₁):

• The population mean is not equal to the hypothesized value (Two-tailed).
• The population mean is greater than hypothesized value (Upper-tailed).
• The population mean is less than hypothesized value (Lower-tailed).

Two-Tailed T Test

A hypothesis test is performed if the population parameter is suspected to be different from the Null Hypothesis’s assumed parameter.

• H₀: μ=μ₀
• H₁: μ≠μ₀.

Right-tailed or Upper-tailed test

The Right-tailed test is also called the Upper-tail test. A hypothesis test is performed if the population parameter is suspected to be greater than the assumed parameter of the Null Hypothesis.

• H₀: μ≤μ₀
• H₁: μ>μ₀

Left-tailed test or Lower-tailed test

The Left-tailed test is also known as a Lower-tail test. A hypothesis test is performed if the population parameter is suspected to be less than the assumed parameter of the Null Hypothesis.

• H₀: μ≥μ₀
• H₁: μ<μ₀

Example of a One-Sample T Hypothesis Test in a DMAIC Project

One Sample T-Tests are mostly carried out in Analyze phase of DMAIC to check the significant differences between the population mean and the sample means, while paired T-Tests can be done in the Measure phase to review before and after process improvement (see below example for more details).

Example of Two-Tailed Test

Example: According to the American Health Association, a pregnant woman’s average blood pressure is 120 mm Hg. Collected 15 random samples from pregnant women to check whether the sample blood pressure differs from accepted standard blood pressure.

• Null Hypothesis: H₀: μ=120
• Alternative Hypothesis: H₁: μ≠120

Significance level: α=0.05

Degrees of freedom: 15 – 1 = 14

Calculate the critical value

If the calculated t value is less than -2.145 or greater than 2.145, then reject the Null Hypothesis.

Test Statistics

• x̅ = 123
• μ₀ = 120

Interpret the results: Compare t _calc to t _critical. In hypothesis testing, a critical value is a point on the test distribution compared to the test statistic to determine whether to reject the Null Hypothesis. The calculated t-statistic value is less than the critical value; hence we failed to reject Null Hypothesis.

One Sample T Two-Tailed Test Excel Template

One Sample T Hypothesis Test Videos

Additional One Sample T Hypothesis Test Resources

https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/statistics/univariate-inferential-tests/one-sample-t-test (One sample T-Test)

http://stattrek.com/probability-distributions/t-distribution.aspx